skylarkcolo

Nov 29 min read

What is a Rhombic?

The ARRL and RSGB Diamond Logo, is in fact a Rhombic Antenna

The Rhombic antenna was designed in the 1931 by Ed Bruce and Harald Friis.

It was commonly used in the HF shortwave point to point and broadcast as a broadband directional antenna, it is also known as a diamond antenna. See 1931 patent, US 2285565A1 I (aktuellum.com)

There are two types of the Rhombic antennas, the resonant Rhombic antenna and the terminated Rhombic antenna. The resonant Rhombic antenna is bidirectional, however the terminated Rhombic antenna is unidirectional.

Generally, the antenna is terminated with a value equivalent to characteristic impedance thereby causing the non-resonant condition to be establish. Making the radiation characteristics of the antenna are unidirectional. When the power through the feed lines either the 2-wire transmission line is provided to the antenna. Then the generated current travels through the legs of the Rhombic antenna (Fast Traveling Wave).

These currents flow through the antenna and generate radio waves that progress in one direction through the legs of the antenna.

Two great books to read, Rhombic Antenna Design, by A.E. Harper of Bell Labs, and W6AM, which shows Dow Wallace’s antenna farm after WW 2 to the 1980s.

The key concept with traveling-wave type antennas like a Rhombic or Vee Beam (V-Beam) is that there are no standing waves, on the antenna itself, the current and voltage levels are the same everywhere along the antenna conductors, but you still have to match it to the fed-line.

See SWR photo below it shows one of my antennas, now this is flat, no tuner!

The Rhombic antenna is a wide-band progressive traveling-wave (fast-wave) antenna, made of two acute-angle V-beams placed end-to-end and terminated in an open circuit or in a resistive load. Each side of the antenna is made of two legs of length "L" and as a whole the antenna has the shape of a rhombus, that is, the opposite angles are of the same value. The non-terminated Rhombic antenna is bi-directional, whereas the terminated Rhombic antenna is directional. The Rhombic antenna is useful over a wide frequency range. Although some changes in gain, directivity, and characteristic impedance do occur with a change in operating frequency, these changes are small enough to be neglected. A rhombic antenna design works best at a height of one-half to a full wavelength at the lowest frequency.

So no waiting for a rotator to turn, the system has every direction, every band, every time.

The Rhombic is an equilateral parallelogram shaped antenna, it has two opposite acute angles. The tilt angle, θ is approximately equal to 90° minus the angle of major lobe. Rhombic antenna works under the principle of a fast traveling wave antenna. It is setup in the form of a rhombus or diamond shape and is normally suspended horizontally above the surface of the earth, but can be made vertical. It works great for long-distance F-layer propagation due to low vertical radiation angle, however it does have some higher radiation lobes which were thought as wasted power for long point to point use but for ham radio this help fill in closer in coverage, but overlooked in modeling and a major advantage of the antenna for ham radio use, for making more QSOs.

In designing the Rhombic it has to be kept in mind that length of all the four conductive wires must be equal, ranging between one wavelength, to over four. However, the opposite acute angles of the rhombus must be equal.

To avoid reflections of the traveling wave the opposite end of the antenna feed line is terminated with a properly adjusted resistor. This leads to cause the absence of standing waves in any of the legs of the antenna. The value of load resistance is generally around 600 to 800 ohms which is also the impedance.

Rhombics' input impedance and radiation pattern are constant over a 2:1 range of frequencies or more. Their impedance is constant over a frequency range 4:1 or more, with the forward gain increasing at 6 dB per octave.

The resultant pattern is the cumulative effect of the radiation at all four legs of the antenna. This pattern is uni-directional, it can be made bi-directional by removing the terminating resistance.

The maximum gain from a Rhombic is along the direction of the main axis, which passes through the feed point to terminate in free space. The polarization obtained from a horizontal Rhombic is in the plane of rhombus, which is horizontal. But portions of the radiation, which do not combine with the main lobe, result in considerable side lobes having both horizontal and vertical polarization which can be good for ham radio use.

In modeling it seems to ishow that the maximum useable size of a rhombic is about 5 or 6 wavelengths per side. Much larger than this and the main lobe will split into a "V" pattern and you gain little else. A practical gain of around 16-18 dBd seems to be the peak of gain.

The gain of a rhombic with side lengths of four to five wavelengths is over 40 times that of a half wave dipole. About one half of this gain is realized by using two wave lengths to each of the four sides.

It can be truthfully be said, that "a Rhombic antenna occupies more space per db of gain than any other antenna"!

My four antennas each cover an area equal to five football fields. Each antenna covers an area of five football fields. The Rhombic has one of the poorest gain-per-acre rankings of any high gain HF antenna array, however if you have the land they can be a good plan.

Also a Rhombic antenna does have the distinct advantage of working over very wide frequency ranges, with flat SWR and high gain. Something a basic mono-band yagi can never do. The Rhombic is also a very simple antenna, requiring only four supports, three supports for the V-beam, and one support for inverted V -beam derivatives. If you have a large rural property, you may want to design, build, and use a Rhombic Antenna.

Varying the height of an antenna modifies the radiation patterns in both the vertical and horizontal planes, and also affect the over-all gain, particularly if the rhombic has short length sides (2 wave lengths per side, or less).

In order to eliminate the complex mathematics necessary to determine optimum rhombic dimensions and height above ground

The U.S. Army tech manual says: "Sometimes the antenna sides are deliberately made shorter to increase the vertical wave angle of propagation at higher operating frequencies, and to broaden the radiation pattern. The latter is usually necessary to offset ionospheric effects, which may cause a shifting of the communications path in long-distance communication. Regardless of the reasons for a compromise in the design, for optimum performance in a given frequency range, two basic factors must be considered. First, if the desired height cannot be attained, the length of the sides must be increased. Second, if the side lengths are shortened, the height of the antenna must be increased. In either case, the over-all efficiency of the rhombic is lowered. The term efficiency here refers to the signal gain and directivity for transmission in the forward direction and signal-to-noise ratio for reception in the same direction."

The Rhombic is excellent for point-to-point communications and exhibits a very low takeoff angle--a definite plus for DX, it also so has some higher angle which is great for ham use, it fills in the gaps.

Very broadband
Easy to construct
Low cost
High gain
Low noise
L should be long enough (2 to 4l at the lowest frequency)
The values of q and a determining the shape of the main lobe
Symmetry of the total antenna system, including balun, feed lines and resistor. This seems simple to do, but really is not! First you need a very good 12:1 current balun that works properly over the entire frequency range of the rhombic.
You need a high power, non inductive load that is electrically symmetrical around a central ground tab (see info else where on this blog about resistors easy to find)
Then you have a huge antenna with pinpoint accuracy.

A Rhombic reduces E-field gradient at the high the voltage points of the antenna. It solves the problem where antenna tips or ends were charged by a transmitter with very high voltages. A similar effect occurs when receiving when the environment around the antenna is charged from inclement weather. The very high voltage gradient between the antenna and the air around the antenna causes corona discharge. Which appears as a hissing, whining, sizzling, or popping noise in the receiver. The most intense charge buildup occurs at the highest point, farthest from earth and at a point away from other objects in open space. The shape of a Rhombic minimizes protrusions, and places a blunt edge towards the highest charge gradient areas alone the antenna. An yagi or dipole element, on the other hand, has protruding points that extend well out into clear air where charge density and voltage gradient is highest.

During periods of inclement weather when precipitation static is highest, the horizontally polarized quad style element will not only have minimal exposure to high field gradients, the high impedance corona noise will not be as well matched to the receiving system. Less RF energy will be transferred into the system.

ABOVE: One of the remote relay control boxes used at K0UO

ABOVE: One of the remote relay control boxes which is 1500 feet from the shack with solar power and a UHF RF control system

Above: Note for amateur radio use, the minor higher loops are very useful for making closer in contacts, I see this especially useful on 20 and 40 meters in the day time. The higher and split forward lobes were considered useless and a waste of RF power for the Point to Point stations in the past.

The ARRL did put it to good use with their antenna for good stateside coverage (1930 to 1980s). See the ARRL coverage chart below, and since going to other antennas, they have never been able to have the same consistent RF field strength throughout the lower 48 States.

For day-to-day use of the antenna in amateur radio service, remember amateurs are not point-to-point shortwave broadcasters, military or wire services. Amateurs just want to make QSOs!

Also most amateur radio operators don't have tens of thousands of dollars to spend on tall towers and stacked mono-band beams, or the ability to climb and maintain such structures. Rhombic antennas were the ultimate antenna design back in the Golden Age of Wireless. However, building one required a large tract of land and a lot of tall power poles, because they have dimensions several times the wavelength. To most amateurs the positive thing is there are no large mono-band antennas to maintain, or rotators to fix, and rhombics allows for instantaneous direction and band switching. They normally can be installed at very low cost, if you have trees to hang them from, all that is needed is a lot of wire and time!

I have four 40 meter resonant designed Rhombic traveling wave antennas in use, most use +2500 foot of cable each, for the antenna.

The key concept with traveling-wave antennas is that there are no standing waves, which means that the current and voltage levels are the same everywhere along the antenna conductors. So the Rhombic antenna does have the very distinct advantage of working over very wide frequency ranges with flat SWR and high gain.

A V Beam (Vee) is just 1/2 of a Rhombic

Above is a control box used at K0UO, with a 12 to 1 current balun with lightning protection

The Buzzards love to use the 100 foot poles for roost!

ABOVE: I USE A REINFORCED WITH ANGLE IRON, ROHN TOWER WHICH IS HINGED UP BY A CABLE ON THE POLE, THE TOWER IS MUCH EASIER AND SAFER TO CLIMB. SOME OF THE POLES ARE 36 IN DIAMETER AT THE BASE, SO YOU WOULD NEED A 10 LONG LANYARD TO GO AROUND IT!

ABOVE: AT 100 FEET

ABOVE: THE ANTENNAS USE 3/8 TRIPLE GALVANIZED WIRE ROPE CABLE AS THE ANTENNA RADIATOR WIRE. ALL THE CABLES GO THROUGH PULLEYS WHICH ARE STRETCHED TIGHT UP WITH CABLE PULLS ON THE GROUND FROM BOTH END OF THE DIAMOND SHAPED ANTENNAS ( @1000 TO 1500LBS OF PULL)

ABOVE: THE 100 FOOT TOWER IS REINFORCED WITH ANGLE IRON, AND THE LIFT CABLE IS AT 40 FOOT ON EACH POLE. THE TOWER FOLD OVER HINGE IS PERMANENTLY MOUNTED TO A SKID LOADER BUCKET, AND THE SKID LOADER IS JUST BACKED TO EACH ONE OF THE POLES THAT MIGHT NEED ANTENNA REPAIRS. AFTER THE TOWER IS RAISED THEN IT IS STRAPPED TO THE POLE EVERY 20 FEET. THE TOWER ALSO HAS A 3/8 SAFETY CABLE GRAB SYSTEM ON IT. 100% FALL PROTECTION IF YOUR NOT CONNECTED YOUR NOT PROTECTED.